What are impacts of the UK trading with the EU? |
Access to the Single Market: One of the biggest benefits of trading with the EU is that the UK has access to the Single Market, which allows for the free flow of goods, services, capital, and people between EU member states. This has been a major advantage for UK businesses, especially those in the service sector, as they can sell their products and services across the EU without any trade barriers. Increased Competition: However, access to the Single Market also means increased competition from EU businesses. This has led to some UK companies facing difficulties as they struggle to compete with lower-priced products from EU countries. Increased costs for businesses: After the UK left the EU, new trade barriers and customs procedures were introduced, which have increased costs for businesses that trade with the EU. This has had a negative impact on the competitiveness of UK businesses, especially those in the import-export sector. Reduced Trade Volume: The UK's departure from the EU has also led to a reduction in the volume of trade between the two countries. This is due to the introduction of new customs procedures and trade barriers, which have made it more difficult and expensive to trade between the UK and the EU. Impact on the Pound Sterling: The uncertainty surrounding the UK's relationship with the EU has also had an impact on the value of the pound sterling. The currency has been volatile since the Brexit vote, and this has had an impact on the cost of imports and exports, as well as on the UK's balance of trade. Jobs and employment: The EU is the UK's largest trading partner, and trade between the two has supported millions of jobs in both countries. Investment: The EU is also a major source of foreign investment in the UK, which has helped to finance infrastructure, research and development, and new businesses. Consumer protection: The EU's regulations on consumer protection ensure that products and services are safe and of high quality, which provides benefits for both UK consumers and businesses. Environmental protection: The EU has set environmental standards that apply to all member states, which have helped to improve the quality of the environment and protect wildlife. |
This Business Education Learning Blog is aimed primarily at Higher Business Management students/teachers and ICT students/teachers.
Subject Pages
Friday 18 August 2023
Advanced Higher Business Management: Impact of UK trading with the EU
Advanced Higher Business Management: Impact of Social Chapter on the UK
Advanced Higher Business Management: Recent Developments in the EU
Advanced Higher Business Management: UK leaving the EU impact
Balance of Payments
For those studying Advanced Higher Business Management here is a handy guide to the Balance of Payments:
The balance of payments (BOP) is a record of all economic transactions between residents of one country and residents of all other countries during a given period of time. It is a systematic summary of a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world, including all trade in goods and services, financial flows, and transfers of capital. The balance of payments is divided into two main components:
The current account measures the trade in goods and services, as well as income flows such as wages and interest, between a country and its trading partners. The capital account measures the transfer of capital, including foreign direct investment and portfolio investment, between a country and its trading partners. An increase in exports of goods and services, or a decrease in imports, can increase the current account surplus and therefore increase the overall balance of payments. Conversely, an increase in imports or a decrease in exports can decrease the current account surplus and overall balance of payments. Similarly, a decrease in capital outflows or an increase in capital inflows can increase the capital account surplus and overall balance of payments. Conversely, an increase in capital outflows or a decrease in capital inflows can decrease the capital account surplus and overall balance of payments. Other factors that can affect the balance of payments include exchange rates, inflation, interest rates, government policies, and changes in global economic conditions. Exchange rates play a crucial role in a country's balance of payments as they determine the price of a country's currency in relation to other currencies. A stronger currency means that imports become cheaper and exports become more expensive, which can lead to a decrease in exports and an increase in imports, ultimately decreasing the current account surplus and the overall balance of payments. Conversely, a weaker currency makes exports cheaper and imports more expensive, which can increase exports and decrease imports, ultimately increasing the current account surplus and the overall balance of payments. High inflation can affect the balance of payments by making exports more expensive and imports cheaper. This can lead to a decrease in exports and an increase in imports, ultimately decreasing the current account surplus and the overall balance of payments. Conversely, low inflation can lead to a decrease in imports and an increase in exports, ultimately increasing the current account surplus and the overall balance of payments. Interest rates affect the balance of payments by influencing capital flows. Higher interest rates attract more capital inflows, which can increase the capital account surplus and the overall balance of payments. Conversely, lower interest rates can lead to capital outflows, decreasing the capital account surplus and the overall balance of payments. Government policies can affect the balance of payments in various ways. For example, a government can impose import tariffs to decrease imports and increase the current account surplus. Conversely, a government can implement policies that encourage exports, such as subsidies or tax incentives, which can increase exports and the current account surplus. Changes in global economic conditions can have a significant impact on a country's balance of payments. For example, a global recession can lead to a decrease in exports and an increase in imports, ultimately decreasing the current account surplus and the overall balance of payments. Similarly, changes in commodity prices can affect a country's balance of payments, particularly for countries that rely heavily on commodity exports. Overall, a country's balance of payments reflects the strength of its economy and its ability to participate in global trade and investment flows. |
Government Bonds and Gilts
Here is a handy explanation of how Government Bonds and Gilts work.
What are government bonds? A Government bond is a type of investment where you loan money to the Government for a fixed period and in return receive a rate of interest, which is known as a coupon. Once the fixed period comes to an end, you’ll receive the original sum you loaned to the Government. During the bond’s tenure, your money will be used for Government spending on public services or state projects. So, for example, your money could be used to fund the NHS or build a school in an underprivileged area. These types of bonds differ to a traditional savings account through a bank or building society because they are a form of a loan and can be traded on a secondary market. This means that when you buy a Government bond you don’t have to hold it until it matures. If the time is right, you can sell it for a profit or loss. This is explained in more detail later in the guide. |
What is the difference between gilts and bonds? It is important to remember that Government bonds are not only issued by the UK Government. In fact, it is a capital raising instrument which is used across the world. In the US, for example, Government bonds are called Treasury bills, Treasury notes, and Treasury bonds. The difference between these will ultimately depend on when the bond will mature. Meanwhile, in the UK, Government bonds are known as gilts. There are generally two types of gilts, Conventional gilts and Index-linked gilts. Conventional gilts are more common, offering you a fixed coupon rate. Index-linked gilts, however, are variable and can change according to the Retail Price Index, a measure of inflation. |
How do government bonds work? Typically, when you purchase a Government bond you’ll need to make note of several key terms. These include: Principal – This is the original money used to purchase the bond. Therefore it is also the amount the Government owes you when your bond matures. Bond term – This is the period between when the bond is issued and when it expires. For UK gilts, your chosen bond can have a short term, such as one year, or a long term such as 30 years. Coupon – This is the rate of interest earned on a bond. For example, if you purchase a Government bond for £10,000 and it pays £500 in interest yearly it has a coupon rate of 5%. Yield – Since bonds can be sold at any time, the yield refers to the actual return generated. Therefore if you hold this Government bond throughout its tenure its yield will match the coupon. If it is sold midway, then it will differ to the coupon and the yield will be calculated based on the actual price paid for the bond. As mentioned, you can purchase a Government bond from someone else through a secondary market. Secondary markets are typically where you can trade investments that you already own, such as bonds. If you’re selling your bond on these markets, its price will depend on supply and demand. You’ll likely sell your investment at a discount, meaning you’ll sell for less than the principal amount, at par, meaning you’ll receive face value for your bond, or at a premium, meaning you’ll sell for more than what you originally invested. Take this example, you invest £10,000 into a five year Government bond at a fixed coupon rate. Two years into the bond, and you want to sell your bond and look for a better investment. But during those two years, the base rate rose and now there are more attractive options on the market. So, you decide to sell your Government bond on the secondary market at a discounted price of £8,000. While you have taken a loss on this investment, the person buying your Government bond will get the same fixed coupon rate and in three years they’ll receive the full £10,000 on maturity. As a result, the £2,000 profit is taken into consideration when calculating their yield, which is why it will differ to the coupon rate. Naturally, this means bond yields and prices have an inverse relationship. In simple terms, when one number rises the other falls. |
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Why Branding Matters for Sportswear Companies
Thursday 17 August 2023
The Benefits of HS2 for a Connected Future
Friday 11 June 2021
The Electric Car Revolution?
In this thought provoking article, BBC’s Justin Rowlatt paints a picture of a near future where the petrol engines are moribund and the electric car is king. But just how realistic is this vision? One key feature that is addressed only briefly is charging stations for people who don’t have a driveway. And there is no mention of security issues. What is to stop thieves and vandals causing widespread disruption overnight to commuters who are only wishing to charge up their battery?
Electric cars are clearly the way forward. The author points to rapid technological change in this previous article https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-57253947 which actually shows the Product Life Cycle for all of our Business students out there, though he labels it unhelpfully the “S-curve”. Trust me, it’s the Product Life Cycle. But what Mr Rowlatt fails to mention is that the rapid pace of technological change isn’t a given. If you had said in 1972 to the last astronauts of the Apollo Space Programme who landed on the moon that not only have we not sent humans back to Luna but that we haven’t put a human on Mars would seem inconceivable. But there we have it. So yes he does talk of how the horse and cart were replaced rapidly by the car – but it is a disingenuous analogy. The petrol car was a vast improvement over the horse and cart and that is why it took hold rapidly. Concorde was a supersonic aeroplane that was technologically more advanced than 747s or other commercial aircraft of the day but it was expensive and the benefits saved in time crossing the Atlantic probably weren’t enough long term to save it. Oh and the fact that the USA wouldn’t let supersonic aircraft fly across the continental USA. A political decision to keep out British Airways and Air France? Perhaps.
I may be wrong, but I think EVs will only become the dominant vehicle when it can do everything a petrol or diesel car can do but better. Longer distance. Cheaper fuel. Quick charge. Available charging points.
So EVs are the future and are coming, but just not as soon of a tomorrow as Justin Rowlatt wishes. The article in full is here: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-57416829
Brewdog
Brewdog have been a success story. Masters of communication and marketing. However, all is not well with their employees it seems. A future case study for Business students?
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-57434978
Thursday 1 October 2020
Technology News
Amazon warehouse robots 'increase staff injuries'
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-54355803
An article from the BBC about the unexpected impact of robots in an Amazon warehouse.
Thursday 19 March 2020
Idea
2020 Coronavirus Home e-learning
I have decided to start posting more on the blog again to try generate some interest and keep pupils busy!
In my home country of Scotland the exams have been cancelled. So I will not be posting any materials related to N5 or Higher just now.
In the meantime, I hope everyone remains safe and does what the Government expert advice tells you. The Coronavirus is serious.
Thursday 2 January 2020
Friday 14 December 2018
PESTEC - External Factors - Brexit - Higher Business Management
For candidates in Higher Business Management who need an example for the impact of an external factor, look at the impact Brexit has had on the pound. The diagram below illustrates how the uncertainty and the proposed leaving of the EU has seen the pound drop sharply at different stages against the dollar, with it only picking up slightly when either a “soft” Brexit has been mooted, or some plan/agreement has been proposed or finalised.
Thursday 13 December 2018
Autostadt Volkswagen - Higher Business Management
Here’s an interesting video on Volkswagen’s Autostadt plant in Wolfsburg, Germany. The car tower is impressive, and in fact was seen in scenes from Mission: Impossible Ghost Protocol (though it was set in Mumbai).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OFSPJBwp2XY
Higher Business Management - Selection Tests
Selection tests of different kinds are used for different jobs.
Below in the table you will see the different types of tests you will be asked about in Higher Business Management, and what they actually measure, and examples of where they are used:
It may surprise you that IQ tests are not being used as often now as they are viewed as having a limited way of measuring intelligence.
Time for Albert Einstein’s famous quote: “Everybody is a genius. But if you judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree, it will live its whole life believing that it is stupid.”
Actually to muddy the waters even more it sadly wasn’t Einstein who said this quote. It only appeared long after his death. But it is still an excellent quote which has much in line with Gardiner’s multiple intelligences theory.
Higher Business Management - Assessment Centres
In Higher Business Management’s Human Resources topic, a selection method which is often used for graduate and managerial jobs is called an Assessment Centre. This is normally a one or two day series of activities (it may also be residential) whereby candidates undergo scrutiny to get the all important position.
Wednesday 12 December 2018
Higher Business Assignment
After Christmas we will need to make a start on our Assignment.
Here are the key issues you have to be aware of:
u Assignment is still worth 30 marks but now weighted as 25% of overall course assessment.
u 2,000 word maximum (not including appendices, reference etc).
u There is a penalty for exceeding word count by 10%.
u 1 mark removed from Collating and reporting (now called Structure) and added to Analysis and Interpretation (now 13 marks)
u Analysing tool no longer necessary
u No maximum of pages
u 1.5 line spacing
u Clear font
u Font size of 12
u Number pages
u Name & title on every page
u Do not staple pages together
u Still 4 pages maximum of appendices.
Have a think about which company you wish to use, and have a think about what you wish to investigate. It is your assignment. Make sure you choose a business that you are interested in.
Higher Business Management Textbook
Some pupils have asked which textbook I would recommend. There are several excellent ones out on the market just now, but I was a big fan of the original Peter Hagan book and now with the revisions to the Higher, there is a new version coming out just after Christmas. It is more expensive than most of the others, but I think it is comprehensive and laid out in a format I seem to like.
National 5 Business Management Prelim
Good luck today to our pupils sitting the National 5 Business Management today.
Tuesday 11 December 2018
National 5 Business Management - Factors Affecting Location Decisions (Place)
In N5 Business Management, Place, one of the 4 Ps of the Marketing Mix, has several factors which will affect where a business will locate.
As you can see below the most obvious will be the first 4:
Type of Business – some businesses need to be near customers (retail outlets), others need to be near resources (oil rigs)
Finance – sometimes rent or property prices will place a part in where a business will locate.
Footfall – how many people pass by the business is important if you are a retail business.
Competition – often you do not wish to have many competitors nearby or at all. The Ptarmigan restaurant at the top of the Cairngorm mountain is such an example.
Saturday 8 December 2018
Higher Business Management Prelim
Friday 7 December 2018
Types of Decision
In Higher Business Management, types of decision often crops up. It is actually a very easy question which will normally be a compare question. So dust down your use of “whereas” for differences and “both” for similarities.
Ensure you make direct comparisons i.e.:
“A strategic decision is a long term decision whereas a tactical decision is short-medium term.” = 1 mark.
How many marks there are mean you need to make as many comparisons.
Corporate Culture - Higher Business Management
In Higher Business Management, Corporate Culture is a common question. It either will ask you to describe how it is used in businesses or how to achieve a strong corporate culture or a question on the benefits of corporate culture.
Culture is defined as “The way we do things around here”.
Corporate culture is the beliefs and behaviours which managers and employees adopt to enable the business to achieve its aims. Usually it is not specifically defined but develops organically over time and become the unwritten rules and values of the business. The culture will be reflected in every aspect of the business, for example dress codes, layout and décor of premises, symbols/logos, terms and conditions of employment, employee incentives, eg employee of the month, and customer service.
The Benefits of Corporate Culture
• Employees feel part of the business
• Increased staff motivation
• Improved employee loyalty
• Increased productivity
• Improved employee relationships.
These advantages can reduce absenteeism and staff turnover, and will help the company in terms of customer loyalty and recruitment.
Know your stuff and know your application of the command words.
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